Rome - Z wallpaper

Latest News

Little were the beginnings of Roman literature, as virtually the Romans focused their attention on issues related to the development of the country and even despised literary works, only the victorious conquests caused by contact with the Hellenistic world, in which, apart from the Roman ideals of a truly brave and austere rule of law is also dominated by ideals of beauty, goodness and truth. At the time of the clash with Rome, Greek culture had behind him the greatest periods of growth. No wonder that the Romans, despite numerous internal resistance, finally succumbed to the high culture of Hellas. In the second century BC knowledge of literature and Greek philosophy becomes a force among the Roman aristocracy. It could be said that victorious Rome lay at the foot of the defeated Hellas.

It is only an approximation to the Greek culture, led to the development of Roman literature, which is already in the first century BC, reached the peak of its development. Since the invasion of Greek culture in Rome begins a book of Roman history. Certificate stating the book trade in Rome comes only from the first century BC As in ancient Greece has been significant in promoting a private business books: The same authors send their works to friends, which is prescribed by his own slaves (called litterati Servia, Greece, Libraria, Scriptores Libraria) or by hired copyists. Sometimes the writers take the friends (of friendship, or the interest) to rewrite their work, and even distribution. It was common practice that the author gathered friends and read them aloud their new work, so in this way to arouse his interest. This custom has turned into a great plague, mainly because few talented authors were most zealous for every occasion reciting his own works. In the last century BC publishers began to gather an interested audience on the collective reading of new works. Regardless of the approximately the first century BC there were bookshops in Rome. Outbuildings in the book were the busiest parts of the city such as in the vicinity of the temple of Peace, and the temple of Pallas. Often they were also places of meetings of poets and men of science. At the entrance to the store owner lists of new books that publishers were generally booksellers. Visitors to his scholars, writers and bibliophiles were distributed within the same news on the counter. Buyers were out of the book so much and so many extremes of the country that there was a need for such an intermediate link between the author and his readers, booksellers publishers what they were. For this reason, often next to the outhouse was a publishing workshop in which the slaves rewriting manuscripts commissioned by the publisher. It is not clearly established whether this rewriting took place at the mouth, or any scribe received a lot of text into multiple duplication. You can accept the coexistence of both, depending on the needs and circumstances, because both the one and the other had its advantages. Apart from other features should be noted that the method allowed to dictate to achieve rapid results, but it was more convenient rewriting and its results are accurate, but certainly it has been slower and uneven over time, however, prescribe the method proved to be more practical stand the test of time and survived the Middle Ages.

Manuscripts prescribed individually or as dictated by need of course correction. Performed her editors publisher, which fulfilled the obligations sometimes even scientists. The most desirable correction has been made by the same author. Despite this, complaints are often met contemporary writers at the wrong level of write-offs are sold by the booksellers. For releases that are recognized in antiquity include release of Titus Pomponius Atticus, who led the major publishing house, and undertook to issue the letters of Cicero but also works of Plato and Demosthenes. The care and effort went publishers primarily in the direction of releasing the book trade market as the most faithful copy of the original. Writing on papyrus and parchment used the special pen (goose), or specially cut markers and ink. They were paid according to the amount prescribed text. Measured it by rows added up, which served as the basis hexameter, and therefore 34-38 letters or syllables 15-16. This so-called measurement lines. It was known to librarians Mesopotamia. It also used the Alexandrian publisher, who by means of special note the signs at 10 or 20 line or at 100 or 200 line of the manuscript. Recorded as the sum of the rows in the directory. They was of great importance in practice, publishing the Museum, as definitively established the volume of each text. Then declare that the canon of the volume was affected in some circumstances, lead to a legitimate suspicion that the text is corrupt or the damage, either by interpolation . The system took over the later Alexandrian scholars Roman. The only payment for the creative effort of the writer inserted in his work is represented in ancient glory. Considered for the honor writer-term care lawyer, or one-time gift from a person whose dedicated his work. At that time the fee was not known in today's sense. Only for the work especially prominent authors could receive remuneration. In ancient times it does not protect the writer's copyright. In one of his letters, Symmachus (writer of the second half. IV century AD) wrote "Oratio Publícala res libera est." ( "to be published it is free) At the time, therefore, the work of the writer left the studio, everyone had the right to prescribe them in any quantity . The legislation did not provide any rights or publishing. They have to try to issue such number of copies, which would quickly saturated the market and competition paralyzed. The absence of any rights in this field led to anarchy on the publishing market, as well as influenced, to a lesser reliability of the text author. The amount of investment books in Rome do not know. We learn only that the Emperor Augustus had confiscated 2000 copies of the books attributed to the legendary Sibyl. It was one of the most popular books. While in ancient times there was no preventive censorship, which could avoid even the appearance of unwanted work, then, if necessary, state interference in a very unfavorable to the publishers, thereby exposing him to serious losses. Diogenes tells us that even in Athens during the growing collapse of democratic freedoms in 411 BC ordered to burn the letter sophist Protagoras. During the reign of the Roman Empire uncomfortable authors held responsible, for example, condemning them to exile, and the writings were burned. Thus did the Emperor Diocletian, who commanded the Christians to burn the letter. The prices we are also a few mentions, for example, the first notebook lines Statius (poet from the time of Domitian) can be purchased at the price of two and a half sum, they demanded a bookseller for Martial notebook lines, the poet himself seemed to be too excessive. Similarly, the sum of 5 pence for the first book of his epigrams Martial believed to be considerable. All these certificates do not represent the full value because we lack knowledge of the equipment of the manuscripts referred to, and the existing demand for them. Are also important messages about prices antiquarian books. We learn from Diogenes that Plato, for the three letter Pythagorean Filolaosa had to pay 100 million, or that a few books of Aristotle the philosopher Speusippa paid until three talents. This demonstrates the enormous value of these letters, for both philosophers who did not spare the cost to buy them.

Prices depend on the volume of work and its graphical design. Valuable copies or specially decorated with beautiful scrolls achieved high prices, especially for the original manuscripts of famous authors who were the most sought after by Roman bibliophiles. Roman history books begin with the history of Greek books in Rome. The first greek book collections have been imported as a valuable achievements of the war. As the first library he brought winning the third Macedonian war the Roman commander Lucius Emilius Paulus. Also, the younger Scipio, when in 146 r.p.n.e. destroyed Carthage, brought from there to the coil 28 of the Treaty of Rome Carthaginian Magona to translate it into Latin and made available to farmers of Rome. Sulla also when seized Library Apellikona probably put it in his possession. Benefited from it later, among others. Cicero. In recent years, the republic and the imperial period the number of private collectors is constantly increasing, became fashionable. House famous, the Roman had to necessarily have a substantial library, possibly wonderfully equipped to be able to add splendor to its owner. We have a collection of important messages, even thousands of sets, usually divided into sections of Greek and Latin. Also in his rural estates wealthy Romans had a library; (See illustration) one of them found in the dig ashes buried in Herculaneum. It was a collection of books from the villa. Similar books from the villa banker Lucius Caecilius Jucundusa found in Pompeii. Contained 150 tablets of wood coated with wax containing bills and trade agreements. Most books, however, gather speakers and famous people found in their circle, among others. Cicero, who did not neglect any opportunity to reach the required books to him. Benefited from it with friends, or purchased it at auction or bookseller to enable it to his books. From 67 r.p.n.e. deliver it to him as Atticus from his own workshop. Cicero library housed in a palace on the Palatine, and in its overseas villas. His favorite seat was Monte Porzio. Also, a rich and sophisticated collection of books had Titus Pomponius Atticus. Major collections of books to serve as a scientific workshop scholar. An excellent scholar, and possessed great Polyhistor Warro professional library, which is lost due to Antony in 43 of Cicero when he died at the hands of dictator Warro escaped. Of books gathered not only scholars, philosophers, but also poets, scholars, among others. Martial, Silius italicus Epik. Fashion did not mean that any owner interested in content h books, often happened that did not even know their titles. The role of libraries in time began to understand the state. As soon, therefore, when the republican constitution began to give way , the State bore a tendency to set up libraries to be complicit in organizing cultural life of all educated citizens. The plan established the first public library, he learns Julius Caesar, who predicted the organizer Varro. Imminent death of Caesar in 44 BC, prevented the execution of this plan. It was not until five years after the death of dictator Gaius takes this idea Azyniusz Pollio. Having achieved the measures in the war assumed in 39 BC, the Roman Forum in the temple of Liberty first public library. Library was equipped with a Greek and Latin books intended for public use. This library is called. Libertatis atrium was adorned with portraits of eminent Roman writers, there was also a portrait of Varro, as the only portrait of a living man. Unfortunately, the fate of libraries are not known. The need for public libraries saw the Emperor Augustus. In 28 BC, he founded the porch of the temple of Apollo on the Palatine Library finest cities, it was a Greco Latin Palatina, the pattern of all subsequent libraries. Unfortunately, already in 64 BC, the great fire of Rome by Nero destroyed the library. Soon it was rebuilt by the emperor Domitian. The second library, dedicated to the public, founded on August Field Champ de Mars, in his portico built by Christodoulos. Also, and this collection was destroyed by fire, but rebuilt it a great effort cost of Domitian, by supplying it in the copies and originals gained even in Alexandria. All eclipsed the splendor of books was founded around the year 100 AD by Emperor Trajan Ulpia, which represented both the state archives. Prevailed also in the habit of putting collections of Roman baths. These were the meeting place of citizens, a place for discussion and readings. There were many in Rome, because in the first century BC in the city reportedly worked 170 term, and then even more. The last - according to sources held - the foundation of Rome in the library collection was founded by Alexander Severus (third century AD) temple, dedicated to all the gods - the Pantheon. For the first time in the history of the Roman state library organizer and director of the Christian scholar was - Julius Africanus. For the first time it came to books outside of the Roman and Greek literature Latin literature of the Middle East, especially Hebrew and Latin. Around the year 370 AD in Rome was to be no less than 28 public libraries, not counting the collections resulting from a free in the provinces of the empire. However, already in the fourth century AD clearly waning interest in libraries, and many of them shining emptiness.

< Prev		Next >

[ Back ]

Main Menu

Home

History of Book

Story of Writting

Login Form

Syndicate

Latest News

Popular

Main Menu

Login Form

Syndicate

Polls

Who's Online