Skip to content

Z wallpaper

Narrow screen resolution Wide screen resolution Increase font size Decrease font size Default font size default color orange color green color
You are here: Home arrow History of Book arrow Book iro-scotch
Book iro-scotch PDF Print E-mail
Saturday, 28 November 2009
Celts in Europe have created a civilization that is spreading along with their wanderings, became the nucleus of many nationalities. Pushed through political and cultural expansion of Rome, developed especially in the British Isles - the periphery of Western Europe. Christianization introduced through, inter alia, St. Patrick in the fifth century helped to revive their culture, including literature and art, not destroying the ancient Celtic tradition.

Irish monks traveling to Rome brought the manuscripts, which became the inspiration for the local scribes. With Italy and France fled, fearing the Germans, the writers in Ireland is finding favorable conditions for its activities. In total, the diversity of cultures, which are encountered in this area has resulted in unique art. In time, the Irish bookish art became known in Europe, Irish monks have gained a reputation for being the best calligraphers and their art to circulate along with the action of the missionary. The introduction of magazine helped perpetuate the oral administration for centuries kept and passed down from generation to generation. Pagan gods changed now in the mythical characters who are not threatened by the new faith, or become a medieval knight from the court of King Arthur. This is because the Christian religion, with all its socket symbolic and moral values, hit the ground prepared by the ancient culture. Previously developed there any science and ancient forms of literature (not saved yet) - including the lyric poetry.

The adoption of Christianity was primarily a political and cultural importance. Allowed to remove from the ancient worship rituals and habits considered archaic and inhumane eg bloody human sacrifices. Received or to increase the value of the spiritual life of the Celts, associated with mysticism, allusion, symbol and sign of the secret. In the great monasteries of Ireland (Clouard, Bangor, Ardagh), thousands of monks and students, knowledge of classical Greek and Latin authors. Read and copied Horace, Virgil, Sappho, Ovid and many others whose works not readily seen in the monasteries outside of Ireland. Nowhere in medieval Europe, there is no such tolerance for pagan - saving the Celtic music, the monks were aware of their pagan ancestry. Style of ornamentation, which we find in books created in the British Isles, can be defined as the last (maximum developed) ornamentation of prehistoric art. Art historians looking for help in research of archaeologists, as the themes, before using them in Christian manuscripts, had previously been used in various kinds of metal products Gentiles. The roots of the decoration of the Book of Durrow (from the books of Durrow), Book of Lindisfarne (The Book of Lindisfarne - with about 700 on, now in the British Museum), or the Book of Kells (The Book of Kells - with about 800 on, currently stored in the Library of Trinity College, Dublin) not to be found in southern Europe (despite the fact that their lyrics come from there), only helmets, harnesses and shields, or the decorative motifs of commercial vessels. Characteristic motifs Celtic and Germanic peoples in both the repeated 'motives were transferred to the Christian art directly from pagan art, which confirmed the findings of Sutton Hoo in eastern England in 1939. Metal objects, and gold have been discovered there, explain the origin of the decoration in of those times. Irish monks were clever enough to recruit artists employed by the heathen chiefs, church services, without forcing them to change the local handicraft traditions. Artists do not need to use symbols and signs of foreign origin. Artist of the talents for decorating shields various spirals, animal figures and had the right to decorate in similar patterns chalices, relics and binding of the gospel. An example of this is coming from the rear binding eighth century Lindau Gospels of (is currently in New York Morgan Library). When Celtic artists have learned to move designs from metal objects on the binding of books, began to decorate the interior of manuscripts. The impact of this on the decorative arts is particularly noticeable in the Book of Durrow, the earliest of Hiberno-known Saxon books. Each party has its so-called. was "carpets" of the decorative composition. Home "carpet" at the beginning of the Gospel. John (Book of Durrow), is in the center medallion with a cross, surrounded by densely arranged. The square boxes are aggregations of animals, arranged in a chain.

Medallion reminds convexity, characteristic of the round shield, and the scenery edges look as if they were copied directly from the vagina pagan swords. We can distinguish two basic types of linear ornamentation: helices and strands. Drawings of animals were used only in order to revive the strands and are not embedded in, and take their shape. The aim was to achieve maximum cartoonist traffic on the smallest possible space. Therefore, it is full of dynamism decoration, which makes the impression as if the whole arrangement was in constant motion. It is difficult therefore not surprising that medieval people thought that such manuscripts as the Book of Kells were the work of an angel, and not man. This linear structure is characteristic for the whole Hibero-Saxon art, both for the works of goldsmiths, as well as illumination. This naturally involves the drawing and therefore is prone to the development of calligraphy. In fact, it is important to the Anglo-relationship between the Irish manuscripts and calligraphy, Baroque design albums and Renaissance. In both we find astonishing manual dexterity. Incredible is the absolute regularity and precision made by hand spiral. However, the trend concise, precise illumination was not finalized in the old manuscripts such as: Book of Durrow, or even earlier in the passages of the Gospel from Durham, where he was still in thick. By contrast, the style was the closest artist responsible for the Echternach Gospels (now in Paris). This book was about 690 r for the use of Anglo-Saxon missionaries. Here for the first time we meet, not only decorated with the initials "from outside", but also a lengthy outline of the letters beyond the letter and towing her along. Despite the fact that this dynamic is a simple line of illumination, it is used to create a whole sequence of compositional ideas, which if it could have been expanded to serve as an excellent model carpet (hence the name). It is remarkable predilection symmetry along the diagonal. Researchers (including Peter Meyer) reached in their studies to the conclusion that the aesthetics is completely opposite to the classical Hellenic standards of beauty. The art is to divide the figures in detail, each of which is more or less autonomy. This segmentation is applied to both small and large elements of composition, the decorations simple and pictorial motifs. When artists painted human figures, simplify their various distortions, especially when drawing folds in clothing and clothing and so for example in the Book of Durrow church. Matthew is depicted as a cube. Frame is divided into circuits in all segments, angles, and the middle part of the decorations are independent, often taking the shape of round, or crosses (Book of Durrow). In the case of full-page initials of the frame is suddenly interrupted and a letter full of its function (Book of Kells). The frame may include one end of the theme of animal heads and front legs, and at the other end are the hind legs and tail. The whole body is the geometrical pattern of the frame. Frequent integration of zoological and geometric motifs makes amazing metamorphosis, like the early Romanesque art. In the Book of Kells, which avoid naturalism, here and there we find the animals painted with remarkable naturalism. This mainly applies to cats and mice, and otters and fish on the illuminated side of the monogram XPI. You can not ignore the fact that vocabulary decorated, with the exception of a few motifs containing crosses, it is barbaric, and because of their origins and the spirit in which it was made. It is almost inhuman art, ruthless in style, rooted in tribal history and steeped in accents wild, completely opposite of Christian art and ideas. However, the paradox is that the pagan art gave rise to a new religion and, indeed, was the embodiment of the word of God. Illuminations have created a common platform allowing pagan metamorphosis in Christian art. Western Christians engaged in pagan, prehistoric carvings, supernatural powers emanate. Moreover, the mere fact of writing in the Church of Ireland was regarded with superstitious awe, especially when its function was to propagate the message of the Scriptures. This was reflected in the large, illuminated initial letters, which hampered the reading of manuscripts. Around the true origin of the illuminations of created much controversy. Initially attributed to them only a Celtic origin, but recently found that not without significance for this type of art form was the impact in Northumbria (not Ireland). Therefore, it is likely that the real roots of this style of illumination are not Irish but their "branches" established in different parts of England. It is known that the Irish never reached in the perfection of his art, which presents the Book of Kells (one can not completely reject their influence on the shape of the illumination). The farther we look to the sources, the more we are convinced of the superiority of Celtic elements in the play. Ireland is undoubtedly a product of  manuscript, the specific preparation of parchment, and the technique of writing and an overview of the text (full). Moreover, in the Irish manuscripts from the sixth century, there are small red dots surrounding the outer lines of letters which then will be characteristic of the illumination. Well structures, that we see in manuscripts from Durham and in the Book of Durrow, are very similar to the patterns of Irish stone crosses. How are believed to come from Ireland, also tends to put the Gospel first four evangelists symbols (different from those popularized in the West).
 
< Prev   Next >
[ Back ]
 

Login Form
Lost Password?
No account yet? Register

Syndicate

Polls

What kind of books do you like ?
 

Who's Online

We have 19 guests online


Papyrus

The Egyptians have reached such a level of literacy as the peoples of Mesopotamia and perhaps even exceeded it. They had Buy food online Furniture products Hotels compare discount the disposal of papyrus, which is easy to make and easy to write, as in today's paper.

Parchment Parchment is an alternative to papyrus. Rough skin was veal, sheep and goats, which are rubbed with potassium carbonate, or lime, carefully purified and far-fetched. After drying and careful treatment of the external surface could be recorded on both sides. Removing the old record was possible using a pumice stone. In this way, the parchment used repeatedly. He was more durable and flexible on papyrus. Written on the literary and religious.

Tapas

Tapas simple production papyrus had their counterparts in most primitive cultures. Polynesian tapa material is made from the bark of various trees, mainly from Morus family. Trees and shrubs provide the bast, which wetted slaughter a hammer on a hard surface until it was holding together, more or less similar to the thin felt material.

Huun

This was the same material as the tapa bark, which was invented by the Mayans. Served as a letter carrier for the sacred calendar, prophecy, historical drawings and medical procedures.

Amatl

Amatl Amatl (Amate) is also a product of the bark. It has long been the inside of the Aztecs used the bark of wild trees. In the Aztec language means both fig-tree and the "paper". For amatl had to cook in the lime solution of wood ash. After rinsing it was going to grill on wood and ubijało. Thanks fibers filled the open spaces. Then amatl was prepared in the sun. Amatl today is produced by the Otomi Indians in southern Mexico.


jelenia góra nieruchomości Nurkowanie Egipt Kotlety mielone projekty domów Wiadomości