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In 1845, discovered the ancient capital of the state of Assyria - Nineveh. Five years later, was discovered in the library of King Assurbanipal. Survived it, inter alia, 20 thousand. clay tablets with a characteristic letter. Cuneiform took the Babylonians after the conquest of Mesopotamia in the second century BC Used it its former inhabitants Sumerians.

Characteristic shape of the letter was the result of gouging the soft clay tablets with styles made of cane or bone with a triangular cross section. Teams vertical lines, horizontal and diagonal all the words mean, over time transformed into a letter. After the fall of the Assyrian state, it cleared the place magazine. Fixation of a distinctive style of thought invented in Mesopotamia served also to have been recorded in other languages such as Hittite, Persian, and even Armenian. Clay was not the only material for the fixation of thought, belonged to them, and metal such as silver, followed by written styles (qantuppi). The importance of deciphering the cuneiform characters independently of each other in the first half. Nineteenth century: Georg F. Grotefend and Henry Rawlinson (1810-1895). Clay tablets from the palace at Nineveh are the rectangular shape of varying sizes (from 2 cm x 2.4 cm to 22 cm x 37 cm and a thickness from 0.2 cm to 2.5 cm). Before writing her first plate lined with twine tight to achieve equality of rows and columns of the relevant documents, errors blurring flattened end stylus. Scientists have determined that there were three types of gravers, each of them used to another kind of character . After saving a plate burned, so you can meet a variety of shades of clay, from bright red to deep black. Shade of burnt clay answered the same unit stationery. Text squeezed a large letter, footnotes and glosses - a small, decorated with works appropriate mathematical geometric figures. If all the text does not fit on a single order in the next plate was determined by repeating the last line (the custodian) and numbering the plates within the unit writing. Were the first words of the title line (now called. Incipit) texts have been transcribed from the sense of responsibility for its accuracy, which ensures a writer's own signature and note on the review. At the end of the given amount of lines, of which ten were identified and reduced the likelihood of mistakes in prescribing. Valuable specimens copied several times in order to preserve for generations to come. Reading and writing cuneiform was not easy for the inhabitants of ancient Mesopotamia. Teachers and scribes were writing in Babylonia and Assyria aristocratic social class, sometimes from the powerful courtiers and the king. Literacy was therefore the key to power and wealth.

Librarians drew up a catalog of the royal collections of structured according to content and divided into sections. There were works by of philology, astrology and mathematics, natural sciences, law and theology. Uncovered plates brought about an extraordinary affection of King Assurbanipal of "books", he instructed his officials to find and bring the book collections, and individual texts to the royal library. Written about him: "He sought urgent in the eyes of wisdom stored tables, where no king who came before him he did not seek the wisdom of Nabu, the god of strings ..." Shown as specialists in the tradition of the Babylonian cult of writing, there was not only the times of King Assurbanipal. In the nineteenth century found the library school at the temple in Sippar, and in her writing about 1022 lines. On the other hand excavated in Nippur in the late nineteenth century, the library at the temple of the god Baal, recovering up to 23 000 plates (only part of the whole set).

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Papyrus

The Egyptians have reached such a level of literacy as the peoples of Mesopotamia and perhaps even exceeded it. They had Hotels compare discount Buy food online Furniture products the disposal of papyrus, which is easy to make and easy to write, as in today's paper.

Parchment Parchment is an alternative to papyrus. Rough skin was veal, sheep and goats, which are rubbed with potassium carbonate, or lime, carefully purified and far-fetched. After drying and careful treatment of the external surface could be recorded on both sides. Removing the old record was possible using a pumice stone. In this way, the parchment used repeatedly. He was more durable and flexible on papyrus. Written on the literary and religious.

Tapas

Tapas simple production papyrus had their counterparts in most primitive cultures. Polynesian tapa material is made from the bark of various trees, mainly from Morus family. Trees and shrubs provide the bast, which wetted slaughter a hammer on a hard surface until it was holding together, more or less similar to the thin felt material.

Huun

This was the same material as the tapa bark, which was invented by the Mayans. Served as a letter carrier for the sacred calendar, prophecy, historical drawings and medical procedures.

Amatl

Amatl Amatl (Amate) is also a product of the bark. It has long been the inside of the Aztecs used the bark of wild trees. In the Aztec language means both fig-tree and the "paper". For amatl had to cook in the lime solution of wood ash. After rinsing it was going to grill on wood and ubijało. Thanks fibers filled the open spaces. Then amatl was prepared in the sun. Amatl today is produced by the Otomi Indians in southern Mexico.