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History of parchment PDF Print E-mail
Saturday, 28 November 2009
The Egyptians already consolidating his thoughts on the skin, the oldest artefacts come from 2000 BC rp, including Jews, Persians and Greeks knew and used the purified hair animal skin as a writing material. Only in the Hellenistic period, c. III / II wpChr. improved the process of creating the leather material for writing, initially on the coast of Asia Minor and, according to the Roman scholar and wpChr. - Varro, in Pergamum. Thanks Herod know that the Greeks called "book" written on the skin diphterai (Greek "skin"), the name of "parchment" took only around IV century AD Romans "leather," called the diaphragm.
Popularity as a skin primer probably associated with the emulation that existed between Egypt and the kings of Pergamum, on the development of two "competing" libraries of antiquity. Ptolemy has suspended the export of papyrus to open which would inhibit its development. However, this did not bring him the expected results, as imported papyrus replaced own production material - skin, specially prepared and subjected to technical processing. Pergamon was founded in 283, the p.Chr. and even at the time Attalus I (241-197 rpChr.) there was a library, but only the above-mentioned son Eumenes II built the walls of the library, which was a reading room, pillared hall with a statue of the goddess and the three adjacent storage rooms with shelves filled coils. According to Dionysius of Atenajosa and Halikarnasu collections are cataloged in the so-called. Pinakes (probably modeled on the Alexandrian). Pergamon was a strongly growing center of science, scientists alluded to the Stoic philosophy. With the persistent collection of shares sought to Caesar about 200 thousand books. Parchment was produced from all types of skins, but usually used calf skins, sheep and goats. Dip skin for several days in water, lime and hair removed by sharp instrument, and then again dip tanned and dried plant substance on wooden frames. After these endeavors, at the end of that skin was smooth, it is hard knife, and then rubbed PUMICE , and subsequently bleached, sprinkling a layer of powdered chalk . And in this way the skin became soft, flexible, and white.

Thus prepared skin of parchment came to be called, was the most enduring of all the material yet invented. He had much greater advantages from the papyrus was first of all more stable, smoother and brighter, and most importantly, to write and isuit both cards. Initially it was used in the form of a roll, it just happened to cause the initially low popularity, roll of papyrus could be much longer than parchment, because the latter was limited by the size of the skin. Parchment gained popularity only when it adopted the form of the Code. It could be easier to make and not break up the stitching. Small prayer books, travelers used the Bible as the tissue paper thin vellum, which was manufactured from the skins of embryos or newly-born lambs (non-greyhound nata, virginea). Southern was manufactured in Italy, Spain and southern France, with delicate skin, thinner, carefully tanned and smoothed on one side only, the other side remained rough and yellow.Parchment came from the north northeast of France, German, and Hungarian, was much thicker than the previous and dressing it with both sides equally. In the early Middle Ages were used to extremely valuable books usually dyed purple parchment on which were written with gold or silver paint. Originally written on parchment in a reed, and around the fifth century AD feathers of birds, mostly they were specially prepared, or cut and split at the end. An important advantage of parchment was removing from his letter and re-enter the new text - such manuscripts called palimpsest (again smoothed). Because of high prices in the Middle Ages often used such dealings. Another advantage of parchment was the general availability of materials needed for its implementation. At the beginning it was used to write letters, documents and notes from the time appreciated the value of parchment and used it to books, but three centuries elapsed before he completely denied "the Egyptian competitor.
 
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Papyrus

The Egyptians have reached such a level of literacy as the peoples of Mesopotamia and perhaps even exceeded it. They had Furniture products the disposal of papyrus, which is easy to make and easy to write, as in today's paper.

Parchment Parchment is an alternative to papyrus. Rough skin was veal, sheep and goats, which are rubbed with potassium carbonate, or lime, carefully purified and far-fetched. After drying and careful treatment of the external surface could be recorded on both sides. Removing the old record was possible using a pumice stone. In this way, the parchment used repeatedly. He was more durable and flexible on papyrus. Written on the literary and religious.

Tapas

Tapas simple production papyrus had their counterparts in most primitive cultures. Polynesian tapa material is made from the bark of various trees, mainly from Morus family. Trees and shrubs provide the bast, which wetted slaughter a hammer on a hard surface until it was holding together, more or less similar to the thin felt material.

Huun

This was the same material as the tapa bark, which was invented by the Mayans. Served as a letter carrier for the sacred calendar, prophecy, historical drawings and medical procedures.

Amatl

Amatl Amatl (Amate) is also a product of the bark. It has long been the inside of the Aztecs used the bark of wild trees. In the Aztec language means both fig-tree and the "paper". For amatl had to cook in the lime solution of wood ash. After rinsing it was going to grill on wood and ubijało. Thanks fibers filled the open spaces. Then amatl was prepared in the sun. Amatl today is produced by the Otomi Indians in southern Mexico.


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