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Saturday, 28 November 2009
Egyptian language belongs to the oldest languages of the "written" in the world. There are five main stages of its development:  The ancient Egyptian language - inscriptions from the period of the Old Kingdom (ca. 2650-2135 BC) Middle Egyptian language - regarded as the characteristic form of the Egyptian language, as used in the period around 2135-1785 BC, up to the fourth century AD - In colloquial, spoken in the period 1550-700 BC, the documents used in private, rarely in the monumental inscriptions. Demotic language - used in about 700 BC to around 600 AD, was a dialect version of the language, it was written Demotic. Coptic language - started around the third century CE and used to this day, the only stage of development of the Egyptian language, which is known vowel structure of words in a language that is distinguished by the dialects .

The oldest monuments of the Egyptian language, which was engraved the letter, probably derived from some XXXIV century BC - Plates with the cemetery U at Abydos. This does not exclude the likelihood that the Egyptians knew the letter already. Hieroglyphics were the longest-functioning form of letter of Egypt. They were a mystery until 1822, when he read them to Jean Francois Champollion (1790-1832), using such Rosetta stone discovered during the Napoleonic invasion of Egypt in 1798, this stone contained a text in Greek and Egyptian. Hieroglyphics were initially illustrative (ideographic), which meant that it corresponded to one character (usually) one a term. Most of them are images of objects (products of nature, the work of human hands) that it is now easy to recognize. Including simplified hieroglyphs in order to facilitate faster write in everyday life, thus formed the hieratic writing and writing  (called popular). Hieroglyphs were used primarily for monumental religious texts. Most of  them in stone. From the third century n.e. Egyptian language recorded the Greek alphabet by adding seven new characters. This letter is called the Coptic (the Copts - Christians of Egypt). As the ancient Egyptians used papyrus for writing and stone to create a monumental inscriptions (eg in the tombs of pharaohs). The oldest papyrus scroll of hieroglyphs recorded from around 2400 BC Marks on papyrus drawn in by means of thin obliquely truncated at the end. Since it was very unstable tool, an Egyptian writer had to have all their stock, which was laying on a special pallet. On that pallet was also the color (ink then), made of soot mixed with resin, rubber crumbs and water. As evidenced by findings from that period paint is very durable, still papyri several thousand years prior to impress unusual color and glossy magazine. Few details have survived about collections of books in ancient Egypt. Probably existed as Cheops institution holding the function of today's archive and library. Traces of such a set of well preserved from the period of the reign of King Amenchotep III (1411-1375 BC) and his son Amenchotep IV (1375-1358 BC) In the ruins of the royal residence found 358 bricks of clay saved -Assyrian letter, containing, inter alia, letters to the two kings, and translations of Babylonian mythology. Among the finds was discovered in a mysterious plaque with the names Amehotepa III and his wife with the title of the book and olive. Probably the plate was a label on the container to hold papyrus scrolls.

The book had the Egyptian form of a roll. The most popular type of book was called. Book of the Dead, which were placed in the tomb as an aid in the journey to the kingdom of shadows. Its contents were sacred texts, prayer-enriched characteristic illustrations. Such books were written in Egypt en masse, leaving space for writing the name of the deceased. This fact proves that in ancient Egypt there was a trade book trade. Greek historian Diodorus Siculus wrote about the existence of the sacred library called BC clinics soul. It had to operate in the time of Ramses II (1348-1281 r.). Library, whose existence is not subject to doubt, was at Edfu, the center of worship the sun god - Horus. On the walls of the hall was cut in the library's oldest library catalog contains 37 titles. A similar collection existed in the temple of the goddess Isis on the island of Philae. In the vicinity of Thebes, was discovered in two graves, which cited the titles of the word librarian, it is likely they were father and son.
 
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Papyrus

The Egyptians have reached such a level of literacy as the peoples of Mesopotamia and perhaps even exceeded it. They had Furniture products Hotels compare discount Buy food online the disposal of papyrus, which is easy to make and easy to write, as in today's paper.

Parchment Parchment is an alternative to papyrus. Rough skin was veal, sheep and goats, which are rubbed with potassium carbonate, or lime, carefully purified and far-fetched. After drying and careful treatment of the external surface could be recorded on both sides. Removing the old record was possible using a pumice stone. In this way, the parchment used repeatedly. He was more durable and flexible on papyrus. Written on the literary and religious.

Tapas

Tapas simple production papyrus had their counterparts in most primitive cultures. Polynesian tapa material is made from the bark of various trees, mainly from Morus family. Trees and shrubs provide the bast, which wetted slaughter a hammer on a hard surface until it was holding together, more or less similar to the thin felt material.

Huun

This was the same material as the tapa bark, which was invented by the Mayans. Served as a letter carrier for the sacred calendar, prophecy, historical drawings and medical procedures.

Amatl

Amatl Amatl (Amate) is also a product of the bark. It has long been the inside of the Aztecs used the bark of wild trees. In the Aztec language means both fig-tree and the "paper". For amatl had to cook in the lime solution of wood ash. After rinsing it was going to grill on wood and ubijało. Thanks fibers filled the open spaces. Then amatl was prepared in the sun. Amatl today is produced by the Otomi Indians in southern Mexico.


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