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Story of Writting Braille
Story of Writting Braille | Braille |
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| Saturday, 28 November 2009 | |
 Attempts to create a magazine available without vision were made in ancient times. Particularly rich in reflections on the possibility of using the letter of the blind was the Renaissance period. Many scholars, including Erasmus, suggested engraving letters on a variety of materials that they can be identified by touch. In later times the proposed casting of the lead characters, or making them with wire. In the seventeenth century Jesuit Lan Terzi proposed a system based on a combination of lines and points hatched on paper.Significant breakthrough in research into the possibility of available literature, there has been blind in the eighteenth century. Valentin Hauey, pioneer founded in Paris in 1784, the world's first school for the blind. He also attempt to develop a system allowing them to reading and writing. In 1786, appeared to guide the education of blind children, a book printed in relief, plus the Latin alphabet - the letter line. During a later tried to improve this kind of writing, different types of fonts used, and instead of rows of convex continuous line of points, or a letter of pearl, which squeezed line shapes of letters, which combined the circular points highlighted wider and higher. Developed two main types of letters Touch - Line, which was replaced by Latin letters in relief characters in linear and point, which led to the creation of Braille alphabet `a. The most common is the linear alphabet alphabet Moon, used today in England, where it was invented, but did not spread as Braille point system `a. In 1808 he was captain of artillery Charles Barbier, has developed a letter-cipher, designed for military purposes, which has been designed so that soldiers could be read by touch, even in the dark. In 1821 Barbier, offered his invention to the Institute for the Blind in Paris. The invention of Captain Barbier, who found no recognition in the military environment, a student interested in the Paris schools - Louis Braille `a, who developed it creatively and in the age of 15, created the original system of record based on convex combination of six points located on the perimeter of the rectangle. This ingenious invention was announced in 1829, and the first book printed Braille letter was issued in 1837. Currently writing Braille is widely used worldwide, and although it is not too convenient, books occupy very much space, the issue is extremely expensive, it has not yet been invented anything would be better. This letter is constantly improved, many countries apply systems to allow shortcuts to reduce the volume of books, despite the fact that the system of abbreviations was developed were not applied. Louis Braille (1809-1852) - founder of the letter point (touch) for the blind, a Frenchman, a student and then teacher at the Paris Institute of Blind People, himself blind from 3 years of age, at the age of 16 yr developed a base, and 1829 r . announced the rules of its system of writing point (see Braille letter) that the next few years perfecting and complementary, in 1837 issued the first book in braille system, since 1879, it is widely used in educational establishments blind , in 1952 the 100th anniversary of the death of his ashes made Braille in the Pantheon in Paris. Braille letter - the letter of the blind, universal system of writing point (touch), used in all the languages of the world, it is based rectangular, in which the different number and configuration of the convex points are obtained 63 characters; points are imaginary numbers : Left column (from top to bottom) - the numbers 1, 2, 3, right - 4, 5, 6, all the characters are divided into 7 series, the trade area does not exceed the box touch the fingertip, the system of Braille is used in mathematical notation, the physical, chemical, music, a letter is issued point-fiction, popular science, textbooks and magazines. |
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The Egyptians have reached such a level of literacy as the peoples of Mesopotamia and perhaps even exceeded it. They had Hotels compare discount the disposal of papyrus, which is easy to make and easy to write, as in today's paper.
Parchment Parchment is an alternative to papyrus. Rough skin was veal, sheep and goats, which are rubbed with potassium carbonate, or lime, carefully purified and far-fetched. After drying and careful treatment of the external surface could be recorded on both sides. Removing the old record was possible using a pumice stone. In this way, the parchment used repeatedly. He was more durable and flexible on papyrus. Written on the literary and religious.
Tapas
Tapas simple production papyrus had their counterparts in most primitive cultures. Polynesian tapa material is made from the bark of various trees, mainly from Morus family. Trees and shrubs provide the bast, which wetted slaughter a hammer on a hard surface until it was holding together, more or less similar to the thin felt material.
Huun
This was the same material as the tapa bark, which was invented by the Mayans. Served as a letter carrier for the sacred calendar, prophecy, historical drawings and medical procedures.
Amatl
Amatl Amatl (Amate) is also a product of the bark. It has long been the inside of the Aztecs used the bark of wild trees. In the Aztec language means both fig-tree and the "paper". For amatl had to cook in the lime solution of wood ash. After rinsing it was going to grill on wood and ubijało. Thanks fibers filled the open spaces. Then amatl was prepared in the sun. Amatl today is produced by the Otomi Indians in southern Mexico.
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