Arabic Language and Scripture

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Arabic language belongs to the Semitic languages (the name from the biblical Shem), next to the languages: Akkadian (Assyrian and Babylonian), Aramaic, Phoenician, Hebrew.

Arabic language is divided into two basic types of South Arabian and North-. Heyday survive until its northern variety, which had the richest vocabulary and grammatical structure of the ideal, it is best suited for the fixation of literary works of the Arab world. Also became the sole language of the Koran, which led to their widespread use in the countries of Islam. For a long time North-served a similar role as Latin in Europe. He completed his studies with him, j. Persian (ca. tenth century), U Turkish (XVI century) and many others. Contemporary Arabic language differs from the classical, its evolution has followed in the direction of precision and clarity (as in European languages). Arabic letter derived from the Aramaic letters, developed and spread in Arabia, together with Islam. Has been adopted by Muslim countries, which used different languages, is currently used in the countries of North Africa, belongs to the most popular magazines in the world. In this letter, as in all Semitic writings, there is a consonant system - that means only the consonants without vowels, although they are taken into account when reading. Arabic alphabet has 28 characters to be entered from right to left. Arabic reader can have a lot of trouble with reading because letters-Arabic consonants are four characters (depending on whether there at the beginning, middle or end of the line itself). As if that was not enough a lot of letters look identical or nearly identical, distinguish them diacritical points located above or below letters. It can be concluded that the letter is a veritable puzzle, especially for European. Arab media was not only the content but also the pride of the manuscript, with time to become generally accepted in the art of Islamic ornament. Developers who could create beautiful manuscripts and decorate them, enjoyed a huge Sincerely equal status with their husbands. They have their own characteristics or the academy, has been written about them, even extensive monographs were considered to be the prevailing decoration. If someone could not afford to buy the entire manuscript, founded by a few pages with texts from the Koran, which also had an impact on the prestige of calligraphers in the Islamic world (rewriting holy book of Islam was an honor). The tradition of rewriting the Koran influenced the development of Arabic art magazine.

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Papyrus

The Egyptians have reached such a level of literacy as the peoples of Mesopotamia and perhaps even exceeded it. They had Hotels compare discount the disposal of papyrus, which is easy to make and easy to write, as in today's paper.

Parchment Parchment is an alternative to papyrus. Rough skin was veal, sheep and goats, which are rubbed with potassium carbonate, or lime, carefully purified and far-fetched. After drying and careful treatment of the external surface could be recorded on both sides. Removing the old record was possible using a pumice stone. In this way, the parchment used repeatedly. He was more durable and flexible on papyrus. Written on the literary and religious.

Tapas

Tapas simple production papyrus had their counterparts in most primitive cultures. Polynesian tapa material is made from the bark of various trees, mainly from Morus family. Trees and shrubs provide the bast, which wetted slaughter a hammer on a hard surface until it was holding together, more or less similar to the thin felt material.

Huun

This was the same material as the tapa bark, which was invented by the Mayans. Served as a letter carrier for the sacred calendar, prophecy, historical drawings and medical procedures.

Amatl

Amatl Amatl (Amate) is also a product of the bark. It has long been the inside of the Aztecs used the bark of wild trees. In the Aztec language means both fig-tree and the "paper". For amatl had to cook in the lime solution of wood ash. After rinsing it was going to grill on wood and ubijało. Thanks fibers filled the open spaces. Then amatl was prepared in the sun. Amatl today is produced by the Otomi Indians in southern Mexico.