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Byzantium PDF Print E-mail
Saturday, 28 November 2009
The name comes from the Greek Byzantion, Lat. Byzantium. It was a Greek colony founded in the seventh century BC in the European part of the Bosphorus. The name comes from the legendary founder of Byzasa, the son of Poseidon, grandson of Zeus and Io. Was the subject of the dispute between Athens and Sparta, which sought to achieve domination over z cities by the Greeks over the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea. In the years 340-339 BC conquered by Philip II of Macedon. Byzantium soon became an important trading point, was also of great military importance. In 278 BC, the was burnt by the Celts. From the end of the second century BC fought on the side of Rome against the kings of Macedonia: Philip V and Perseus against Antiochus III the Great. Since 149 BC allied with Rome.

In 196, the n.e. was burned by the emperor Septimius Severus. Possession of the vast provinces of Rome many problems, then slowly began the process of division of the Roman Empire in western and eastern state, where Greece was the dominant province. Emperor Constantine the Great in 324 of them called his name - Constantinople and made it the capital of the Eastern Roman state. Changing the location of the imperial court resulted in an increase the impact of culture on the eastern center of power. Member Byzantine developed three basic factors: the dominance of Greek nationality, the Roman state system and that a strong influence of Eastern culture. Member Byzantine lands formerly covered by the Greek people on the Balkan peninsula and Asia Minor and Syria and Egypt. History of the corrections later state borders. IV and V century n.e. This period is still developing Hellenistic literature and philosophy. In Athens, the academy operated in educating science and classical literature. At the same time the Christian religion, considered as a religion and a state institution, became the dominant factor that shaped the life and mentality of the Byzantines. In the first phase of development, lasting to the seventh century, scholars and writers such as: Origen, Gregory of Nazjanu, Basil, John Chrysostom, devoted primarily theological issues by developing dogmas, rules church liturgy, building a system of Christian philosophy. Legislation in the country initially based on the rights of the Emperor Justinian Code. To harmonize the law committee was set up which has developed a new set of rights cyvilis Corpus juris. Theodosius II in 425 in Constantinople, he founded a new university in 31 faculties including philosophy, theology, law, grammar, etc. by creating a new research center next to the existing Athens. Situation in a country tormented by Byzantine the revolt of the people of war was characterized by the formation and development of the monasteries. Monasteries are contrary to those of Western Europe, was capable of very recluse, ascetic and contemplative. In the fourth century, Basil the Great founded the monastic rule known to the east Basilian. Over time, causing increasing importance in the life of the monks of science and intellectual work. In the monasteries on the peninsula in the mountains of Sinai and Athos was founded by modern calculations around 13 thousand manuscripts. Prominent place in this campaign he Studion monastery in Constantinople. Theodore (759-826), The local abbot, writer and poet, creator of the popular religious and secular songs created from his monastery center work as a writer and intellectual. Its main achievement is the establishment there scriptorium and to collect and transcribe in detail how explanatory rules that place work as a writer to arrange (eg, expected penalties for errors in prescribing or diligence letter. Cf. The treaty Calligraphy). Writing School, created in the Studion monastery in force in other monasteries. Byzantium area by the presence of all forms of ancient books. Known Greek papyrus scroll, II century brought initially in the form of a parchment roll, and later in September but a code of age of the fruit of contacts with the Arabs - the paper. Byzantine art, expressing some ideas of symbolic Christian, was a monumental. The interiors of churches and palaces decorated with mosaics and murals in vivid, intense colors with a large share of gold and enamel. In addition to this art form existed as an image icon of a cult, biblical and historical scenes. Beautifully developed in the miniature painting and book illustration. Characterized by a lack of depth perspective. Figures were placed on a flat background in blue, purple or gold frontally and symmetrically, the group he was a frequently as the main characters in the background. An example of well-preserved Byzantine books Psalter is the ninth-century Moscow, the Code Dioskuridesa in Vienna Codex of Rossano, Genesis Vienna, both from the sixth century and the Codex Sinopensis (Codex Synopski) held in Paris. Seventh century in the Byzantine is the period during which develops over a hundred years being directed against the movement of worshipers and worship images of the so-called compound or Greek iconoclasm. It was a strain of Christianity in some remaining under the influence of Islam, which prohibits plastic human figure as a counterweight to spread the cult of Byzantium over images of saints. Emperor Leo III issued a decree in 726 against the cult of images, trying to reduce the role of the monks and the Church in their country. Began a period of destruction of monasteries, paintings, frescoes and mosaics remain in the churches.

This time the turmoil is not passed the book on pages which were richly decorated with illustrations. Monks fleeing to Italy were able to derive some of the sights literature, the rest was destroyed. IX and X century at a time Bizacjum general secularization of life and intellectual renaissance. Luxuriantly developed secular art, which are used court. University re-opened in Constantinople, departs from the teachings of theology dealing with state affairs, law and natural sciences. Patriarch of Constantinople in 858-886 Photius, humanist scholar and social activist supremacy of the Roman ecclesiastical authorities led to a quarrel with the pope, which was the end of the breakaway church east of Rome - the so-called. Church schism. Constantine, Arethas and Photius deserve in the history of Byzantine scholars focus on the declining classical Greek literature and initiated shares rewriting old works, or quotes of their content, which saved her from destruction. Such an action pose any adverse effects, which was pulling readers from studying the original works.
 
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Papyrus

The Egyptians have reached such a level of literacy as the peoples of Mesopotamia and perhaps even exceeded it. They had Furniture products the disposal of papyrus, which is easy to make and easy to write, as in today's paper.

Parchment Parchment is an alternative to papyrus. Rough skin was veal, sheep and goats, which are rubbed with potassium carbonate, or lime, carefully purified and far-fetched. After drying and careful treatment of the external surface could be recorded on both sides. Removing the old record was possible using a pumice stone. In this way, the parchment used repeatedly. He was more durable and flexible on papyrus. Written on the literary and religious.

Tapas

Tapas simple production papyrus had their counterparts in most primitive cultures. Polynesian tapa material is made from the bark of various trees, mainly from Morus family. Trees and shrubs provide the bast, which wetted slaughter a hammer on a hard surface until it was holding together, more or less similar to the thin felt material.

Huun

This was the same material as the tapa bark, which was invented by the Mayans. Served as a letter carrier for the sacred calendar, prophecy, historical drawings and medical procedures.

Amatl

Amatl Amatl (Amate) is also a product of the bark. It has long been the inside of the Aztecs used the bark of wild trees. In the Aztec language means both fig-tree and the "paper". For amatl had to cook in the lime solution of wood ash. After rinsing it was going to grill on wood and ubijało. Thanks fibers filled the open spaces. Then amatl was prepared in the sun. Amatl today is produced by the Otomi Indians in southern Mexico.


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