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Arab culture and literature PDF Print E-mail
Saturday, 28 November 2009
Arabs were the fragmented nation of many tribes of the nomadic nature. Inhabiting the Arabian Peninsula, became the creators of the great state space from central Asia, through India, Asia Minor and North Africa to Spain. Mecca represents lively trading post and having at their temples in Kaaba, became a place where Mohammed revealed his prophecy by creating a new religion. After escaping the 622 on n.e. from persecution to Medina, created the nucleus of the new state there that his successor led to the flowering
Caliph Omar and his heirs to the year 711 n.e. expanded to the size of the latter mentioned above. The Arabs conquered the land left to the former administration, leaving the role of parent. Was initially the capital of Damascus, then Baghdad. Favorable climate and runs through a dense network of Arab state trade routes in conjunction with a sensible foreign policy led to an increase in quality of life became the basis for the development of science. The most important monument of Arab literature is the holy book Al-Qur'an, which contains the teachings of Muhammad. In connection with the formation of many of its editors in the year 653 established the correct text and the rest were burned. With time, the Qur'an has lost the possibility of resolution of all problems was the second book contains material from the life of the Prophet and showing how he overcame adversity. This is how the Sunna, a complementary source of dogma. Interpretations and commentaries of the Koran led to the development of linguistic studies underpinning the school grammar of classical Arabic. Also started to consolidate the traditional written poetry collections such as Bedouin of poetry and narrative poems (The Tales of Thousand and One Nights). At the court in Damascus developed other literary genres - venomous satire and panegyric. Poets having a large impact on society often become the object of adoration from politicians and religious sects. The most prominent of them was Abu-Novas, Persian origin, which combines the works of colorful language with unmatched wit.

External form of Arabic books is an expression of performance art and crafts east. Written on paper is not the Arabic letter without decorative elements, delighted great garment fittings. In the east block of a book sewn without ties, the individual contributions combined thread passing from one to the other contributions. Bracing for the outer covers have not used their boards, only with cardboard or plywood sheets. Book block attached to the lining so that the back-sided block of fabric or leather, and to paste a block of books lining the inner side with strong glue. Headband high, visible over a socket, has been linked with material. Fittings were used to cover the dyed leather or silk. Lower lining flaps occurred in the shape of the upper half. Such binding is binding envelope. Eastern ornaments fittings modeled on the Persian have distinct binding on the edges of the mirror frame, which was placed in the middle of an ornament in the shape of an oval medallion, or a harmonizing color wheel and drawing the corners, placed inside the frame. Allow an composition variations. Islamic religion by prohibiting any impersonation meant that the Arab countries has not developed a figurative painting (solely influence of Persian art introduced a stylized motif of the animal, bird and human figures). Flat, abstract ornamentation has become a showcase of cartoon books decorative east. Stylized plant designs, twigs, flowers, fruits have lost any connection with reality by going to fancy a game of line, gently twisting to the so-called arabesques. In Spain, under the influence of Moorish art has created the motif double line laying in geometric patterns and so-called braid.  The technique sometimes used fittings Eastern oil bilateral, performed on matrices with camel skin. Cut out for them is a passive model of skin decoration lighting and a button plunger having the same drawing only relief. Obtained so pronounced and profound overview of ornament. Concave lines filled with gold or colored paints. This is a distinguishing characteristic way of decorating .
 
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Papyrus

The Egyptians have reached such a level of literacy as the peoples of Mesopotamia and perhaps even exceeded it. They had Hotels compare discount Buy food online Furniture products the disposal of papyrus, which is easy to make and easy to write, as in today's paper.

Parchment Parchment is an alternative to papyrus. Rough skin was veal, sheep and goats, which are rubbed with potassium carbonate, or lime, carefully purified and far-fetched. After drying and careful treatment of the external surface could be recorded on both sides. Removing the old record was possible using a pumice stone. In this way, the parchment used repeatedly. He was more durable and flexible on papyrus. Written on the literary and religious.

Tapas

Tapas simple production papyrus had their counterparts in most primitive cultures. Polynesian tapa material is made from the bark of various trees, mainly from Morus family. Trees and shrubs provide the bast, which wetted slaughter a hammer on a hard surface until it was holding together, more or less similar to the thin felt material.

Huun

This was the same material as the tapa bark, which was invented by the Mayans. Served as a letter carrier for the sacred calendar, prophecy, historical drawings and medical procedures.

Amatl

Amatl Amatl (Amate) is also a product of the bark. It has long been the inside of the Aztecs used the bark of wild trees. In the Aztec language means both fig-tree and the "paper". For amatl had to cook in the lime solution of wood ash. After rinsing it was going to grill on wood and ubijało. Thanks fibers filled the open spaces. Then amatl was prepared in the sun. Amatl today is produced by the Otomi Indians in southern Mexico.


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