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The name comes from the Greek Byzantion, Lat. Byzantium. It was a Greek colony founded in the seventh century BC in the European part of the Bosphorus. The name comes from the legendary founder of Byzasa, the son of Poseidon, grandson of Zeus and Io. Was the subject of the dispute between Athens and Sparta, which sought to achieve domination over z cities by the Greeks over the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea. In the years 340-339 BC conquered by Philip II of Macedon. Byzantium soon became an important trading point, was also of great military importance. In 278 BC, the was burnt by the Celts. From the end of the second century BC fought on the side of Rome against the kings of Macedonia: Philip V and Perseus against Antiochus III the Great. Since 149 BC allied with Rome.
Arabs were the fragmented nation of many tribes of the nomadic nature. Inhabiting the Arabian Peninsula, became the creators of the great state space from central Asia, through India, Asia Minor and North Africa to Spain. Mecca represents lively trading post and having at their temples in Kaaba, became a place where Mohammed revealed his prophecy by creating a new religion. After escaping the 622 on n.e. from persecution to Medina, created the nucleus of the new state there that his successor led to the flowering
Little were the beginnings of Roman literature, as virtually the Romans focused their attention on issues related to the development of the country and even despised literary works, only the victorious conquests caused by contact with the Hellenistic world, in which, apart from the Roman ideals of a truly brave and austere rule of law is also dominated by ideals of beauty, goodness and truth. At the time of the clash with Rome, Greek culture had behind him the greatest periods of growth. No wonder that the Romans, despite numerous internal resistance, finally succumbed to the high culture of Hellas. In the second century BC knowledge of literature and Greek philosophy becomes a force among the Roman aristocracy. It could be said that victorious Rome lay at the foot of the defeated Hellas.
The material used by ancient Greeks to the consolidation of the text were very diverse, ranging from palm leaves, tree bark, cloth, papyrus and ending with plates of metal or wood. The latter enjoyed more popular in everyday life. Method of fixation of human thought on wooden slabs survived until the Middle Ages. Most of them were painted white to better see the writing was then covered with a layer of wax, which facilitated writing. Gradually learned to combine the plate in the beam, which was comfortable to use for both student and merchant. Unfortunately, the letter of the plate was not the careful and clear. In addition to these modes of this material is also used to store accounts, correspondence, spells and prayers. Limited amount of space for writing prevented the spread of the plates as a medium of long texts. However, the beam plates became the prototype of a book - Code, which gained popularity around III and IV century BC.
Celts in Europe have created a civilization that is spreading along with their wanderings, became the nucleus of many nationalities. Pushed through political and cultural expansion of Rome, developed especially in the British Isles - the periphery of Western Europe. Christianization introduced through, inter alia, St. Patrick in the fifth century helped to revive their culture, including literature and art, not destroying the ancient Celtic tradition.
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The Egyptians have reached such a level of literacy as the peoples of Mesopotamia and perhaps even exceeded it. They had Hotels compare discount the disposal of papyrus, which is easy to make and easy to write, as in today's paper.
Parchment Parchment is an alternative to papyrus. Rough skin was veal, sheep and goats, which are rubbed with potassium carbonate, or lime, carefully purified and far-fetched. After drying and careful treatment of the external surface could be recorded on both sides. Removing the old record was possible using a pumice stone. In this way, the parchment used repeatedly. He was more durable and flexible on papyrus. Written on the literary and religious.
Tapas
Tapas simple production papyrus had their counterparts in most primitive cultures. Polynesian tapa material is made from the bark of various trees, mainly from Morus family. Trees and shrubs provide the bast, which wetted slaughter a hammer on a hard surface until it was holding together, more or less similar to the thin felt material.
Huun
This was the same material as the tapa bark, which was invented by the Mayans. Served as a letter carrier for the sacred calendar, prophecy, historical drawings and medical procedures.
Amatl
Amatl Amatl (Amate) is also a product of the bark. It has long been the inside of the Aztecs used the bark of wild trees. In the Aztec language means both fig-tree and the "paper". For amatl had to cook in the lime solution of wood ash. After rinsing it was going to grill on wood and ubijało. Thanks fibers filled the open spaces. Then amatl was prepared in the sun. Amatl today is produced by the Otomi Indians in southern Mexico.
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