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In 1845, discovered the ancient capital of the state of Assyria - Nineveh. Five years later, was discovered in the library of King Assurbanipal. Survived it, inter alia, 20 thousand. clay tablets with a characteristic letter. Cuneiform took the Babylonians after the conquest of Mesopotamia in the second century BC Used it its former inhabitants Sumerians.
This plant, known by the ancient Greeks papyros, is associated with Egypt. Overgrown once the upper delta of the Nile, especially damp places, reached the height of several meters. Today, papyrus reeds growing in small quantities in Palestine and Syria and in Europe in Sicily. Most of the information on papyrus (IV / III century BC), and older (I century AD). The roots of the plants used, inter alia, the manufacture of household utensils, the stems have been formulated boats, sails, mats, ropes and clothing. An interesting fact is that the papyrus was even eaten, raw or cooked. However, most contemporary scholars as was the use of papyrus for writing.
The Egyptians already consolidating his thoughts on the skin, the oldest artefacts come from 2000 BC rp, including Jews, Persians and Greeks knew and used the purified hair animal skin as a writing material. Only in the Hellenistic period, c. III / II wpChr. improved the process of creating the leather material for writing, initially on the coast of Asia Minor and, according to the Roman scholar and wpChr. - Varro, in Pergamum. Thanks Herod know that the Greeks called "book" written on the skin diphterai (Greek "skin"), the name of "parchment" took only around IV century AD Romans "leather," called the diaphragm. 
Egyptian language belongs to the oldest languages of the "written" in the world. There are five main stages of its development: The ancient Egyptian language - inscriptions from the period of the Old Kingdom (ca. 2650-2135 BC) Middle Egyptian language - regarded as the characteristic form of the Egyptian language, as used in the period around 2135-1785 BC, up to the fourth century AD - In colloquial, spoken in the period 1550-700 BC, the documents used in private, rarely in the monumental inscriptions. Demotic language - used in about 700 BC to around 600 AD, was a dialect version of the language, it was written Demotic. Coptic language - started around the third century CE and used to this day, the only stage of development of the Egyptian language, which is known vowel structure of words in a language that is distinguished by the dialects .
The prototype code were bundles of wooden plates called by the Romans caudex (wood block). Instead, roll it enough to break a card and submit. A dozen or so such papers broken one in the second comprised the first codes. Animation: the formation of a code of stapling them to have not fallen. However, the more sheets incorporated in the code more difficult to close it. Initially, these codes are applied to the papyrus, it appeared that the card papyrus was too thin and flexible, and thus vulnerable to destruction.
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The Egyptians have reached such a level of literacy as the peoples of Mesopotamia and perhaps even exceeded it. They had Hotels compare discount the disposal of papyrus, which is easy to make and easy to write, as in today's paper.
Parchment Parchment is an alternative to papyrus. Rough skin was veal, sheep and goats, which are rubbed with potassium carbonate, or lime, carefully purified and far-fetched. After drying and careful treatment of the external surface could be recorded on both sides. Removing the old record was possible using a pumice stone. In this way, the parchment used repeatedly. He was more durable and flexible on papyrus. Written on the literary and religious.
Tapas
Tapas simple production papyrus had their counterparts in most primitive cultures. Polynesian tapa material is made from the bark of various trees, mainly from Morus family. Trees and shrubs provide the bast, which wetted slaughter a hammer on a hard surface until it was holding together, more or less similar to the thin felt material.
Huun
This was the same material as the tapa bark, which was invented by the Mayans. Served as a letter carrier for the sacred calendar, prophecy, historical drawings and medical procedures.
Amatl
Amatl Amatl (Amate) is also a product of the bark. It has long been the inside of the Aztecs used the bark of wild trees. In the Aztec language means both fig-tree and the "paper". For amatl had to cook in the lime solution of wood ash. After rinsing it was going to grill on wood and ubijało. Thanks fibers filled the open spaces. Then amatl was prepared in the sun. Amatl today is produced by the Otomi Indians in southern Mexico.
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